TEORI ETIKA

TEORI ETIKA

A. Pengertian Etika

Kata Etika berasal dari kata Yunani ‘Ethos’ jamak – 'ta etha', berarti adat istiadat. Etika berkaitan dengan kebiasaan hidup yang baik, baik pada diri seseorang maupun pada suatu masyarakat, Etika berkaitan dengan nilai-nilai, tatacara hidup yg baik, aturan hidup yg baik dan segala kebiasaan yg dianut dan diwariskan dari satu orang ke orang yang lain atau dari satu generasi ke generasi yang berkaitan. Etika mencakup analisis dan penerapan konsep seperti benar, salah, baik, buruk, dan tanggung jawab.

B. Pengertian etika = moralitas

Moralitas berasal dari kata Latin Mos (jamak – Mores) berarti adat istiadat atau kebiasaan Pengertian harfiah dari etika dan moralitas, sama-sama berarti sistem nilai tentang bagaimana manusia harus hidup baik sebagai manusia yang telah diinstitusionalisasikan dalam sebuah adat kebiasaan yang kemudian terwujud dalam pola perilaku yang ajek dan terulang dalam kurun waktu yang lama sebagaimana layaknya sebuah kebiasaan.

C. Teori Etika

a. Etika Teleologi

Teologi barasal dari kata Yunani, telos = tujuan,

Mengukur baik buruknya suatu tindakan berdasarkan tujuan yang mau dicapai dengan tindakan itu, atau berdasarkan akibat yang ditimbulkan oleh tindakan itu.

Dua aliran etika teleologi :

1. Egoisme Etis

2. Utilitarianisme

Berikut adalah penjelasan etika teleologi :

1. Egoisme Etis

Inti pandangan egoisme adalah bahwa tindakan dari setiap orang pada dasarnya bertujuan untuk mengejar pribadi dan memajukan dirinya sendiri.

Satu-satunya tujuan tindakan moral setiap orang adalah mengejar kepentingan pribadi dan memajukan dirinya.

Egoisme ini baru menjadi persoalan serius ketika ia cenderung menjadi hedonistis, yaitu ketika kebahagiaan dan kepentingan pribadi diterjemahkan semata-mata sebagai kenikmatan fisik yg bersifat vulgar.

2. Utilitarianisme

berasal dari bahasa latin utilis yang berarti “bermanfaat”.

Menurut teori ini suatu perbuatan adalah baik jika membawa manfaat, tapi manfaat itu harus menyangkut bukan saja satu dua orang melainkan masyarakat sebagai keseluruhan.

Dalam rangka pemikiran utilitarianisme, kriteria untuk menentukan baik buruknya suatu perbuatan adalah “the greatest happiness of the greatest number”, kebahagiaan terbesar dari jumlah orang yang terbesar.

Utilitarianisme, dibedakan menjadi dua macam :

Utilitarianisme Perbuatan (Act Utilitarianism)

Utilitarianisme Aturan (Rule Utilitarianism)

C. Fungsi Etika

• Sarana untuk memperoleh orientasi kritis berhadapan dengan pelbagai moralitas yang membingungkan.

• Etika ingin menampilkanketrampilan intelektual yaitu ketrampilan untuk berargumentasi secara rasional dan kritis.

• Orientasi etis ini diperlukan dalam mengabil sikap yang wajar dalam suasana pluralisme

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TOEFL Test Grammar Examples & Practice Tests

1."You are welcome to order the goods now."

"But payment should be made _____."

a. for advance

b. advancing

c. in advance*

d. to advance

2."Where do you live now?"

"I live in Utah; my _____."

a. parents too do

b. parents do

c. Parents do,too *

d. parents also do

3.I cannot understand my neighbour's accent. I wish she would _____.

a. speak clearer

b. clearer speak

c. more clearly speak

d. speak more clearly *

4."Why are you driving so fast?"

"I'm _____."

a. must be hurry

b. in hurry in

c. a hurry *

d. Hurrying

5.I have your music CD. I think I _____ your concert video.

a. also have *

b. have too

c. too have

d. have further

6.I hear you have started a new job. _____ like it?

a. How do you *

b. How

c. What you

d. What do you

7.I really have to go now. I have _____ the doctor.

a. appointments to

b. an appointment to

c. appointment with

d. an appointment with *

8.I can meet you at Central Station. Will _____?

a. convenient for you

b. that convenient

c. that be convenient *

d. you be convenient

9.I don't have any results for you today. I _____ tomorrow.

a. have any may

b. have any

c. have some

d. may have some *

10.I would rather _____ a quiet cup of coffee in the office than sit

in a noisy cafe.

a. have *

b. to have

c. prefer

d. prefer to have

11."Where _____ last weekend?"

"I went to see my aunt and uncle."

a. are you go

b. do you go

c. have you went

d. did you go *

12.I was very surprised _____ that she didn't pass the exam."

a. hearing

b. to hearing

c. at hearing

d. to hear*

13."Why _____ she isn't speaking to us?"

"We must have done something that upset her. She is just too sensitive."

a. are you think

b. are you imagine

c. do you think *

d. you think

14.I hope that this winter won't be _____ last."

a. as cold as *

b. so cold as

c. as cold like

d. so cold like

15.Sorry to be late. I was delayed by _____."

a. a heavy traffic

b. heavy traffic *

c. some heavy traffic

d. traffic being heavy

16.The sky is getting dark. It _____ rain is on its way.

a. looks

b. looks like*

c. seems to

d. will be

17.Would you do me a small favour? I _____ very much.

a. appreciate it

b. would appreciate

c. would be appreciative

d. would appreciate it*

18.I am familiar with that product. I don't know _____ times I've seen it advertised on TV.

a. how many *

b. how often

c. how much

d. many often

19."When _____ leaving for Toronto, Canada?"

"We are planning to set out at 10 o'clock."

a. are we*

b. will we

c. will us

d. are us

20.I asked Robert when he could fix my leaking tap. He said that he would come round and fix it _____.
a. as much as possible

b. as possible as he could

c. as fast as he could possibly

d. as soon as possible *

21."Do you know _____ that building is?"

"I would say that it was built at least 100 years ago."

a. old

b. how age

c. how old *

d. which age

22.The man told us that the next train would arrive _____.

a. at three thirty *

b. at three thirty o'clock

c. in three thirty

d. in three thirty o'clock

23."How _____ a crowd had gathered at the scene of the accident?"

"I don't know exactly, but there were a lot of shocked onlookers."

a. large *

b. often

c. many

d. much

24.That is the city _____ worst crime record.

a. on the

b. in the

c. with the*

d. for the

25."Where should I put this key?"

"You can _____ it on the shelf?"

a. hang

b. deposit

c. sit

d. put*

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Present Perfect Simple or Continuous Test

1. I'm very hungry. I_________ all day.

a) didn't eat

b) haven't ate

c) haven’t eaten *

d) have been eating

2. Their new kitchen looks fantastic. They _____ completely _____ it.

a) have _____ beenredecorating

b) have _____ redecorated *

c) already _____ redecorated

d) didn't _____ redecorated

3. Our kitchen’s a mess. We____________ any cleaning for weeks.

a) didn't do

b) haven't been doing

c) have done

d) haven't done *

4. I think they are dating. They____________ a lot of each other recently.

a) had seen

b) haven't been seeing

c) have been seeing*

d) have seen

5. We've discovered this great café and we_____________ there a lot.

a) have been going*

b) have gone

c) are going

d) have went

6. How's your Mum? I _____________ her for ages.

a) had seen

b) haven't seen*

c) haven't been seeing

d) didn't see

7. You're covered in paint! What __________ you __________?

a) have _____ done

b) were _____ doing

c) did _____ do

d) have _____ been doing*

8. She’s gone to the doctor's. She ______________ too well lately.

a) hasn't felt

b) hasn't been feeling *

c) has felt

d) doesn't feel

9. Where have you been? I____________ for ages.

a) have waited

b) waited

c) was waiting

d) have been waiting*

10. I have to write an essay. I__________ about half of it so far.

a) have written *

b) have been writing

c) wrote

d) have to write

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